To this end the contractors conducted technical measurements focussed on the health of DNS ecosystems, and surveyed experts and stakeholders though questionnaires, in-depth interviews and workshops involving a wide spectrum of actors (registries, registrars, hosting providers, DNS infrastructure providers) and interested parties in the field of consumer protection, IP rights, cyber security and public policy.The study proposes a set of recommendations in the field of prevention, detection and mitigation of DNS abuse addressed to DNS operators (TLD registries, registrars, resellers and hosting providers, depending on their role in the DNS chain) but also to international, national and EU institutions and coordination bodies. The study assessed the scope, magnitude and impact of DNS abuse and provided input for possible policy measures. Malicious activities on the DNS have been a frequent and serious issue for years, affecting online security, causing harm to users and third parties and undermining trust in the Internet. Domain Name System (DNS) abuse is any activity that makes use of domain names or the DNS protocol to carry out harmful or illegal activity.
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